2.1.3. Estructura vista en semestre anterior.

PRESENT PERFECT + ever, never, already, yet. The adverbs ever and never express the idea of an unidentified time before now e.g. Have you ever visited Berlin? 'Ever' is used • In questions. e.g. Have you ever been to England? Has she ever met the Prime Minister? • In negative questions e.g. Haven't they everbeen to Europe? Haven't you ever eaten Chinese food? • And in negative statements using the pattern nothing.......ever, nobody.......ever e.g. Nobody has ever said that to me before. Nothing like this has ever happened to us. • 'Ever' is also used with 'The first time.... e.g. It's the first time (that) I've ever eaten snails. This is the first time I've ever been to England. 'Never' means at no time before now, and is the same as not..... ever: • I have never visited Berlin BE CAREFUL! You must not use never and not together: • I haven't never been to Italy. • I have never been to Italy. Position 'Ever' and 'never' are always placed before the main verb (past participle). Already and yet Already Refers to an action that has happened at an unspecified time before now. It suggests that there is no need for repetition, e.g. a. I've already drunk three coffees this morning. (and you're offering me another one!) b. Don't write to John, I've already done it. It is also used in questions: • Have you already written to John? • Has she finished her homework already? Position Already can be placed before the main verb (past participle) or at the end of the sentence: • I have already been to Tokyo. • I have been to Tokyo already. Yet Is used in negative statements and questions, to mean (not) in the period of time between before now and now, (not) up to and including the present. e.g. • Have you met Judy yet? • I haven't visited the Tate Gallery yet. • Has he arrived yet? • They haven't eaten yet. Position Yet is usually placed at the end of the sentence. Present Perfect Tense - For and Since We use Present Perfect tense to talk about action which started in the past and continues up to the present. Examples I have had this computer for about a year. How long have you been at this school? I haven't seen Julia since September. Tip! For other uses of the Present Perfect tense, see the Present Perfect Tense - When To Use. We use for with a period of time, for example: a few days, half an hour, two years. We use since with the time when the action started, for example: last year, June 8, I met you.

2.1.3. Estructura vista en semestre anterior.

Presente Perfecto (Present Perfect Tense) El Presente Perfecto en el idioma inglés es un tiempo verbal que se utiliza para referirnos a acciones que suceden en un pasado reciente y que guardan alguna relación con el presente. Su equivalente en el idioma español es el Pretérito Perfecto: I have sent the letter. Yo he enviado la carta. (Indica que la acción acaba de suceder) Para poder construir la forma afirmativa del Presente Perfecto debemos utilizar como auxiliar el verbo TO HAVE en Presente Simple y acompañado por el verbo principal en su Pasado Participio (ya sean verbos regulares o verbos irregulares): I have bought a new dress. Yo he comprado un nuevo vestido. You have studied the lesson. Tú has estudiado la lección. He has broken the window. Él ha roto la ventana. She has lost the keys. Ella ha perdido las llaves. Recuerden que a las 3º personas del singular deben colocar la "S" en el auxiliar ya que se trata del Presente Simple. En cambio, para formar una interrogación deberemos colocar el auxiliar al comienzo de la oración, luego el sujeto y posteriormente el verbo principal también en Pasado Participio: Have I bought a new dress? He comprado un nuevo vestido? Have you studied the lesson? Has estudiado la lección? Has he broken the window? Ha roto él la ventana? Has she lost the keys? Ha perdido ella las llaves? Por su parte, la forma negativa se forma poniendo la negación NOT entre el auxiliar y el verbo principal, por ejemplo: I have not bought a new dress. Yo no he comprado un nuevo vestido. You have not studied the lesson. Tú no has estudiado la lección. He has not broken the window. Él no ha roto la ventana. She has not lost the keys. Ella no ha perdido la llave. También puede utilizarse la forma contraída de la negación colocando HAVEN'T o HASN'T según corresponda. Cabe destacar que cuando hablamos en Presente Perfecto no debemos mencionar el momento en que se ha producido la acción, ya que de hacerlo deberíamos utilizar el Pasado Simple, por ejemplo: I have sold my car. Yo he vendido mi auto. (Presente Perfecto) I sold my car this morning. Yo vendí mi auto esta mañana. (Pasado Simple)

2.1.2. Be able to.

Presente / Present Yo voy Ejemplo: - ¿Voy yo? - Yo no voy Affirmative I be able to You be able to He be able toes She be able toes It be able toes We be able to You be able to They be able to Interrogative Do I be able to? Do you be able to? Does He be able to? Does She be able to? Does It be able to? Do We be able to? Do You be able to? Do They be able to? Negative I do not be able to You do not be able to He does not be able to She does not be able to It does not be able to We do not be able to You do not be able to They do not be able to Presente continuo / Present continuos. Yo estoy yendo - Ejemplo:¿Estoy yendo yo? - Yo no estoy yendo Affirmative I am be able toing You are be able toing He is be able toing She is be able toing It is be able toing We are be able toing You are be able toing They are be able toing Interrogative Am I be able toing ? Are you be able toing ? Is he be able toing ? Is she be able toing ? Is it be able toing ? Are we be able toing ? Are you be able toing ? Are they be able toing ? Negative I am not be able toing You are not be able toing He is not be able toing She is not be able toing It is not be able toing We are not be able toing You are not be able toing They are not be able toing Pasado / Past Yo fui . Ejemplo:¿Fui yo? Yo no fui Affirmative I be able toed You be able toed He be able toed She be able toed It be able toed We be able toed You be able toed They be able toed Interrogative Did I be able to? Did you be able to? Did He be able to? Did She be able to? Did It be able to? Did We be able to? Did You be able to? Did They be able to? Negative I did not be able to You did not be able to He did not be able to She did not be able to It did not be able to We did not be able to You did not be able to They did not be able to Futuro / Future Yo iré - Ejemplo:¿Iré yo? - Yo no iré Affirmative I will be able to You will be able to He will be able to She will be able to It will be able to We will be able to You will be able to They will be able to Interrogative Will I be able to? Will you be able to? Will He be able to? Will She be able to? Will It be able to? Will We be able to? Will You be able to? Will They be able to? Negative I will not be able to You will not be able to He will not be able to She will not be able to It will not be able to We will not be able to You will not be able to They will not be able to Pretérito Perfecto / Present Perfect Yo he ido Ejemplo: -¿He ido yo? - Yo no he ido Affirmative I have be able toed You have be able toed He has be able toed She has be able toed It has be able toed We have be able toed You have be able toed They have be able toed Interrogative Have I be able toed? Have you be able toed? Has He be able toed? Has She be able toed? Has It be able toed? Have We be able toed? Have You be able toed? Have They be able toed? Negative I have not be able toed You have not be able toed He has not be able toed She has not be able toed It has not be able toed We have not be able toed You have not be able toed They have not be able toed Pluscuamperfecto / Past Perfect Yo había ido - Ejemplo: ¿Había ido yo? - Yo no había ido Affirmative I had be able toed You had be able toed He had be able toed She had be able toed It had be able toed We had be able toed You had be able toed They had be able toed Interrogative Had I be able toed? Had you be able toed? Had He be able toed? Had She be able toed? Had It be able toed? Had We be able toed? Had You be able toed? Had They be able toed? Negative I had not be able toed You had not be able toed He had not be able toed She had not be able toed It had not be able toed We had not be able toed You had not be able toed They had not be able toed Condicional Simple / Conditional Yo iría Ejemplo: - ¿Iría yo? - Yo no iría Affirmative I would be able to You would be able to He would be able to She would be able to It would be able to We would be able to You would be able to They would be able to Interrogative Would I be able to ? Would you be able to? Would he be able to ? Would she be able to ? Would it be able to ? Would we be able to ? Would you be able to ? Would they be able to ? Negative I would not be able to You would not be able to He would not be able to She would not be able to It would not be able to We would not be able to You would not be able to They would not be able to Condicional Perfecto / Conditional Perfect Yo habría ido Yo no habría ido Affirmative I would have be able toed You would have be able toed He would have be able toed She would have be able toed It would have be able toed We would have be able toed You would have be able toed They would have be able toed Interrogative ¿Habría ido yo? Would I have be able toed ? Would you have be able toed? Would he have be able toed ? Would she have be able toed ? Would it have be able toed ? Would we have be able toed ? Would you have be able toed ? Would they have be able toed ? Negative I would not have be able toed You would not have be able toed He would not have be able toed She would not have be able toed It would not have be able toed We would not have be able toed You would not have be able toed They would not have be able toed Be able to significa ser capaz de. Ejemplo afirmativo: I'm able to write a letter. Ejemplo negativo: I don't think I’m able to write a letter. Ejemplo interrogativo: Are you able to write a letter? Ejemplo en pasado: were you able to write a letter? Ejemplo en presente y futuro: You are able to write a letter. Se utiliza cuando queremos decir que alguien es capaz de algo, que puede. Can y Could pueden ser reemplazados en ciertos casos por esta forma verbal. • To be able to - ser capaz de, poder • La expresión "to be able to" posee un significado similar a la de los modales "can" y "could", sin embargo no es un auxiliar modal dado que puede conjugarse en todos los tiempos verbales. To be able to + infinitive: (capacidad, aptitud) saber, poder, ser capaz de Can + base form: (capacidad, aptitud) poder, saber, a veces no se traduce El uso de "be able to" en el Presente Simple (am/is/are able to) es poco frecuente aunque posible. Para este tiempo verbal, el empleo de "can" es más común. • Helen can speak five languages fluently. Helen puede hablar cinco idiomas con fluidez. • Helen is able to speak five languages fluently. (poco común) Helen puede hablar cinco idiomas con fluidez. • Can you hear me well? ¿Me puedes oír bien? • Are you able to hear me well? (poco común) ¿Me puedes oír bien? "Be able to" se emplea más a menudo en combinación con otros auxiliares. • You will be able to get tickets to the concert if you arrive at the box office early. Podrás conseguir entradas para el recital si llegas a la boletería temprano. • Will you be able to come with us? ¿Podrás venir con nosotros? • The kids have not been able to study much today. Los niños no han sido capaces de estudiar mucho hoy. • Ms. Peterson has been able to contact Mr. Hope this morning. La Sra. Peterson pudo contactar al Sr. Hope esta mañana. • The police were finally able to solve the mystery. La policía pudo finalmente resolver el misterio. • Jim was not able to meet Richard yesterday. Jim no pudo encontrarse con Richard ayer. • Mom had been able to clean the house before we got home. Mamá había podido limpiar la casa antes de que llegáramos a casa. • After I had been able to open the box, I discovered that it was empty. Después de que había podido abrir la caja, descubrí que estaba vacía. • If Betsy danced every day, she would be able to become a professional dancer. Si Betsy bailara todos los días, podría llegar a ser una bailarina profesional. • Peter would be able to speak Italian if he lived in Rome for a year. Peter sería capaz de hablar italiano si viviera en Roma durante un año. Was/were able to & Could Was able to - pude (Indica una capacidad específica para realizar un acto que existió en el pasado en un momento determinado.) Could - podía, pude (Se refiere a una aptitud o capacidad general que existía en el pasado pero que ya no existe más.) • That soccer player was able to score nine goals last season. Ese jugador de fútbol pudo marcar nueve goles la temporada pasada. • Our team was able to beat yours in the World Cup. Nuestro equipo pudo derrotar al tuyo en la Copa del Mundo. • We were all able to pass the test last week. Todos pudimos aprobar el examen la semana pasada. • At the conference, the speaker could answer all the questions. En la conferencia, el orador pudo contestar todas las preguntas. • When Grace was five, she could walk on her hands. Cuando Grace tenía cinco años, podía caminar con las manos. • When David was a boy, he could run very fast. Cuando David era un niño, podía correr muy rápido. En las oraciones negativas no existe diferencia entre el uso de "could" y "was/were able to". • The climbers could not/were not able to reach the summit yesterday. Los escaladores no pudieron llegar a la cima ayer. • Tom could not/was not able to win the contest last year. Tom no pudo ganar el concurso el año pasado. To manage to + infinitive - lograr, poder (no es un auxiliar modal) • The children managed to reach the tree top. Los niños lograron subir a la copa del árbol. • They managed to persuade us to travel around Europe with them. Lograron convencernos para que viajemos con ellos por Europa. • How did you manage to get a round trip ticket to New York two days before Christmas? ¿Cómo lograste conseguir un pasaje de ida y vuelta a New York dos días antes de Navidad?

2.1.1. Primer condicional.

CONDICIONALES - CONDITIONALS TIPOS DE CONDICIONALES Tipo If frase principal 1 Simple Present will (future) 2 Simple Past would + Infinitivo(Conditional) 3 Past Perfect would + have + past participle (Conditional Perfect) 1. Zero Conditional: Para describir rutinas o hechos generales Example If I leave the house at 8am, I catch the bus at 8.15am (this always happens = zero condition) If + Present simple or continuous + subject + present simple 2. Primer condicional / First Conditional Este condicional indica que la condición es muy probable que se cumpla. IF + simple present,... + future (will) If I learn, I'll pass the exam. If we don't hurry up, we will be late. (Si no nos damos prisa, haremos tarde.) What will you do if you don't go to London? (¿Qué harás si no vas a Londres?) 3. Segundo condicional / Second Conditional Lo usamos en casos hipotéticos, situaciones imaginarias o poco probables. IF + past simple,..+ conditional simple (would/could) If I learnt, I would pass the exam. If I won the lottery, I would be rich. (Si ganara la lotería, sería rico) If the football tickets were available, I would pay any price for them. (Si las entradas para el fútbol estuvieran disponibles, pagaría cualquier precio por ellas.) 4. Tercer condicional / Third Conditional Indica una condición en el pasado, que ya no se puede cumplir. IF + past perfect ... + conditional perfect (would have). If I had learnt, I would have passed the exam. If he had worked hard in all his subjects, he would not have failed this semester. (Si él hubiera trabajado en todas sus asignaturas, él no hubiera suspendido este semestre) If we had been more careful, we wouldn't have had the accident. (Si hubiésemos sido más cuidadosos, no habríamos tenido el accidente.) Otros casos Existen otras formas de construir frases condicionales: IF + simple present... present simple If you ring this number, nobody answers. IF + simple present ... imperativo. If you drink, don't drive. Lee las siguientes frases condicionales pronunciándolas correctamente y al lado, tradúcelas al español. If I work hard, I will pass my exams. If we don't hurry up, we will be late. What will you do if you don't go to university? If I studied, I would pass. If I won the lottery, I would be rich If you hadn't made that mistake, you'd have passed your test. If you heat water, it boils. If you don't come, tell it to me. If you had planned things at the start, we wouldn't be in this mess now. I’ll tell him, whether you want or not. I can't see if I don't wear glasses. I can't see unless I wear glasses. I'd better reserve a seat today in case the train is full tomorrow

1.1.4. Pronombres posesivos

1. Indican posesión o pertenencia y corresponde cada uno a cada persona gramatical. 2. Los pronombres se forman a partir de los adjetivos añadiendo una s al adjetivo, excepto en my, mine y en los que ya llevan la s (his, his; its, its). 3. El artículo que en castellano precede al posesivo no se traduce al inglés: This book is mine (Este libro es el mío). (máin) mine el mío, la mía, los míos, las mías (iórs) yours el tuyo, la tuya, los tuyos, las tuyas (de tú); el suyo, la suya, los suyos, las suyas (de ustedes) (jis) his el suyo, la suya, los suyos, las suyas (de él) (jers) hers el suyo, la suya, los suyos, las suyas (de ella) (its) its el suyo, la suya, los suyos, las suyas (de él o ella, para cosas) (aurs) ours el nuestro, la nuestra, los nuestros, las nuestras (iórs) yours el vuestro, la vuestra, los vuestros, las vuestras (déirs) theirs el suyo, la suya, los suyos, las suyas (de ellos o ellas) De igual forma que los adjetivos, los pronombres posesivos son invariables y nunca van precedidos del artículo. Here's your book. Where's mine? / Aquí está tu libro. ¿Dónde está el mío? Is that car yours? / ¿Es tuyo este coche? A friend of his / Un amigo suyo Their house is similar to ours / Su casa es similar a la nuestra

1.1.3. Auxiliares Modales (must, should, could, Would, have to, and may)

MUST (DEBERÍA) Se utiliza cuando pensamos o realizamos algo que es necesario o muy probable. La forma negativa equivale a una prohibición. Para hablar en pasado o futuro debemos usar el modal have to. FORMA NOMBRE O PRONOMBRE AUXILIAR VERBO OBJETO AFIRMATIVA I/YOU/*HE/SHE/IT/YOU/WE/THEY MUST EAT LESS BREAD • ÉL DEBE COMER MENOS PAN. FORMA NOMBRE O PRONOMBRE AUXILIAR VERBO OBJETO NEGATIVA I/YOU/*HE/SHE/IT/YOU/WE/THEY MUSTN’T EAT LESS BREAD • EL NO DEBE COMER MENOS PAN. FORMA AUXILIAR VERBAL NOMBRE O PRONOMBRE VERBO OBJETO INTERROGATIVA MUST I/YOU/*HE/SHE/IT/YOU/ WE/THEY EAT LESS BREAD? • DEBE ÉL COMER MENOS PAN? FORMA Q.W. AUXILIAR NOMBRE O PRONOMBRE VERBO OBJETO INTERROGATIVA WHY MUST I/YOU/*HE/SHE/IT/YOU/WE/THEY EAT LESS BREAD? + POR QUÉ DEBE ÉL COMER MENOS PAN? SHOULD (DEBERÍA) Se utiliza para dar consejo o una opinión. FORMA NOMBRE O PRONOMBRE AUXILIAR VERBO OBJETO OBJETO AFIRMATIVA I/YOU/*HE/SHE/IT/YOU/WE/THEY SHOULD LEARN ENGLISH * ÉL DEBERÍA APRENDER INGLÉS. FORMA NOMBRE O PRONOMBRE AUXILIAR VERBO OBJETO NEGATIVA I/YOU/*HE/SHE/IT/YOU/WE/THEY SHOULDN’T LEARN ENGLISH *ÉL NO DEBERÍA APRENDER INGLÉS. FORMA AUXILIAR NOMBRE O PRONOMBRE VERBO OBJETO INTERROGATIVA SHOULD I/YOU/*HE/SHE/IT/YOU/WE/THEY LEARN ENGLISH? • DEBERÍA ÉL APRENDER INGLÉS? FORMA Q. W. AUXILIAR NOMBRE O PRONOMBRE VERBO OBJETO INTERROGATIVA WHY SHOULD I/YOU/*HE/SHE/IT/YOU/WE/THEY LEARN ENGLISH? *POR QUÉ DEBERÍA ÉL APRENDER INGLÉS? COULD (PUDO) Es el pasado de can. También se utiliza para preguntar por algo, pero más educadamente que con can. FORMA NOMBRE O PRONOMBRE AUXILIAR VERBO OBJETO AFIRMATIVA I/YOU/*HE/SHE/IT/YOU/WE/THEY COULD PLAY CHESS • ÉL PUDO JUGAR AJEDREZ. FORMA NOMBRE O PRONOMBRE AUXILIAR VERBO OBJETO NEGATIVA I/YOU/*HE/SHE/IT/YOU/WE/THEY COULDN’T PLAY CHESS *ÉL NO PUDO JUGAR AJEDREZ. FORMA AUXILIAR VERBAL NOMBRE O PRONOMBRE VERBO OBJETO INTERROGATIVA COULD I/YOU/*HE/SHE/IT/YOU/WE/THEY PLAY CHESS? *PUDO ÉL JUGAR AJEDREZ? FORMA Q.W. AUXILIAR VERBAL NOMBRE O PRONOMBRE VERBO OBJETO INTERROGATIVA WHERE COULD I/YOU/*HE/SHE/IT/YOU/WE/THEY PLAY CHESS? *CUÁNDO PUDO/PODRÍA ÉL JUGAR AJEDREZ? WOULD (TOMA EL NOMBRE DEL VERBO SIMPLE) Would/would like se utiliza en general para las frases condicionales. También lo usamos para predicciones, ofrecimientos y para preguntar por algo educadamente. FORMA NOMBRE O PRONOMBRE AUXILIAR VERBO OBJETO AFIRMATIVA I/YOU/*HE/SHE/IT/YOU/WE/THEY WOULD ARRIVE EARLY • ÉL LLEGARÍA TEMPRANO. FORMA NOMBRE O PRONOMBRE AUXILIAR VERBO OBJETO NEGATIVA I/YOU/*HE/SHE/IT/YOU/WE/THEY WOULD NOT ARRIVE EARLY *ÉL NO LLEGARÍA TEMPRANO. FORMA AUXILIAR VERBAL NOMBRE O PRONOMBRE VERBO OBJETO INTERROGATIVA WOULD I/YOU/*HE/SHE/IT/YOU/WE/THEY ARRIVE EARLY? *LLEGRÍA ÉL TEMPRANO? FORMA Q.W. AUXILIAR VERBAL NOMBRE O PRONOMBRE VERBO OBJETO INTERROGATIVA WHEN WOULD I/YOU/*HE/SHE/IT/YOU/WE/THEY ARRIVE EARLY? *CUÁNDO CUÁNDO LLEGARÍA ÉL TEMPRANO? HAVE TO (TIENE) Lo utilizamos para expresar que algo es necesario. Para formular la pregunta y la negación debemos utilizar el auxiliar do. FORMA NOMBRE O PRONOMBRE AUXILIAR VERBO OBJETO AFIRMATIVA *HE/SHE/IT HAS TO WORK HARDER YOU/WE/THEY HAVE TO * ÉL TIENE QUE TRABAJAR MÁS DURO. FORMA NOMBRE O PRONOMBRE AUXILIAR VERBO OBJETO NEGATIVA *HE/SHE/IT DOESN’T HAVE TO WORK HARDER YOU/WE/THEY DON’T *ÉL NO TIENE QUE TRABAJAR MÁS DURO. FORMA AUXILIAR PRONOMBRE VERBO OBJETO INTERROGATIVA DOES *HE/SHE/IT HAVE TO WORK HARDER? DO YOU/WE/THEY *TIENE ÉL QUE TRABAJAR MÁS DURO? FORMA Q.W. AUXILIAR VERBAL NOMBRE O PRONOMBRE AUXILIAR VERBO OBJETO INTERROGATIVA WHY DOES *HE/SHE/IT HAVE TO WORK HARDER? DO YOU/WE/THEY POR QUÉ TIENE ÉL QUE TRABAJAR MÁS DURO? MAY (PODER) Lo utilizamos para decir que algo es posible o muy probable. Lo usamos con el presente o futuro. También se utiliza para preguntar por algo pero más educadamente que con el could. FORMA NOMBRE O PRONOMBRE AUXILIAR VERBO OBJETO AFIRMATIVA I/YOU/*HE/SHE/IT/YOU/WE/THEY MAY GO WITH YOU * ÉL PUEDE IR CONTIGO. FORMA NOMBRE O PRONOMBRE AUXILIAR VERBO OBJETO NEGATIVA I/YOU/*HE/SHE/IT/YOU/WE/THEY MAY NOT GO WITH YOU *ÉL NO PUEDE IR CONTIGO FORMA AUXILIAR VERBAL NOMBRE O PRONOMBRE VERBO OBJETO INTERROGATIVA MAY I/YOU/*HE/SHE/IT/YOU/WE/THEY GO WITH YOU? PUEDE ÉL IR CONTIGO? FORMA Q.W. AUXILIAR NOMBRE O PRONOMBRE VERBO OBJETO INTERROGATIVA WHEN MAY I/YOU/*HE/SHE/IT/YOU/WE/THEY GO WITH YOU? *CUÁNDO PUEDE ÉL IR CONTIGO? Forma Nombre O Pronombre Auxiliar Verbo Objeto Afirmativa I/You/*He/She/It/ You/We/They Can Play Chess *Él Puede Jugar Ajedrez. Forma Nombre O Pronombre Auxiliar + Not Verbo Objeto Negativa I/You/*He/She/It/ You/We/They Can’t Play Chess *Él No Puede Jugar Ajedrez. Forma Auxiliar Nombre O Pronombre Verbo Objeto Interrogative Can I/You/*He/She/It/ You/We/They Play Chess? *Puede Él Jugar Ajedrez? Forma Qw Auxiliar Nombre O Pronombre Verbo Objeto Interrogativa Where Can I/You/*He/She/It/ You/We/They Play Chess? *Dónde Puede Él Jugar Ajedrez? Can no tiene infinitivo. Se le reemplaza por to be able (ser capaz de); tampoco tiene futuro, ya que se cambia por will be able to. En el pretérito y potencial se transforma en could en algunos casos. Lee y escucha las siguientes oraciones con auxiliares modales. I can speak English. The doctor can see you at 3:00 Can you speak German? Could you speak Japanese before you went to Japan? Tony could swim when he was six. Could you help me? May I use your dictionary? Be careful. You might burn yourself I must really tired. I must go home now. You have to drive on the right in the USA. I don't have to wear a uniform at school. Did you have to work yesterday? You should have a holiday. You shouldn't work so hard What do you think I should do? Your uncle was very kind to me. I ought to write him a letter to thank. I would like to go London Peter was working very hard. He would be tired tomorrow.

1.1.2. Futuro idiomático going to en oraciones afirmativas, negativas e interrogativas.

FUTURO IDIOMÁTICO GOING TO (Affirmative, Negative and Interrogative Form) Es una forma muy habitual para referirse a una acción relativa a una intención o una decisión que se había tomado con anterioridad. Al igual que el Presente Progresivo se puede utilizar para expresar planes, citas, etc Are you going to take the car tonight? / ¿Vas a tomar el coche esta noche? - Con 'to be' + infinitivo, para indicar lo que está programado para el futuro The president is to meet the congressmen tomorrow / El presidente se reunirá con los congresistas mañana - Con 'to have to' (tener que) I have to go to the dentist / Tengo que ir al dentista Usamos el Going to como futuro: - Para hablar de algo que acabamos de decidir que vamos a hacer en el futuro. Ejemplo : I' m going to write some letters this evening. (voy a escribir unas cartas esta noche) - Cuando vemos una acción futura a causa de una situación del presente Ejemplos: Microsoft is going to launch a new product. (Microsoft va a lanzar un nuevo producto. -Para hablar de planes o ambiciones para el futuro Ejemplo: I'm going to have a year off. (voy a tomarme un año sabático) He is going to work in a restaurant in Paris. (El va a trabajar en un restaurante en París. FORMA AFIRMATIVA FORMA NEGATIVA FORMA INTERROGATIVA I am going to I am not going to Am i going to? You are going to You are not going to Are you going to? He is going to He is not going to Is he going to? She is going to She is not going to Is she going to? It is going to It is not going to Is it going to? You are going to You are not going to Are you going to? We are going to We are not going to Are we going to? They are going to They are not going to Are they going to?

1.1.1. Futuro will en oraciones afirmativas, negativas e interrogativas.

FUTURO WILL (Affirmative, Negative and Interrogative Form) Como tal, no existe un tiempo específico de futuro en inglés, pero existen distintos verbos y expresiones para referirnos a él. Una forma habitual de futuro en inglés tiene la siguiente estructura: Sujeto + will + verbo I will play / Yo jugaré Como vemos, ésta forma de futuro en inglés es bastante simple. De hecho, suele denominarse FUTURO SIMPLE (Future Simple) Podemos encontrarnos con otra forma auxiliar, válida también para expresar el futuro, que es 'shall'. En este caso, 'shall' sirve como auxiliar para la primera persona del singular y plural empleándose 'will' para todas las demás. Tanto 'shall' como 'will' pueden contraerse en sus formas afirmativa y negativa (You will You'll). 'Shall' es menos utilizado, especialmente en Estados Unidos. En inglés moderno se tiende a usar 'will' para todas las personas. AFIRMATIVA NEGATIVA I (shall / will) play You will play He will play We (shall / will) play You will play They will play Yo jugaré Tú jugarás Él jugará Nosotros jugaremos Vosotros jugareis Ellos jugarán I (shall / will) not play You will not play He will not play We (shall / will) not play You will not play They will not play Yo no jugaré Tú no jugarás Él no jugará Nosotros no jugaremos Vosotros no jugaréis Ellos no jugarán En la forma interrogativa se invierte el orden de sujeto y auxiliar: Will you play? / ¿Jugarás? La forma estructura de la forma interrogativa-negativa es: auxiliar + sujeto + not Will you not play? / ¿No jugarás? EL FUTURO PROGRESIVO Esta forma del futuro es usada en inglés con mayor frecuencia que en español. Su estructura es la siguiente: sujeto+ futuro de 'to be' + gerundio del verbo a conjugar You will be flying to Paris tomorrow at this hour / Mañana a esta hora estarás volando hacia Paris Las formas negativa, interrogativa e interrogativa-negativa se construyen de forma análoga a la explicada para el futuro simple. FORMA NEGATIVA FORMA INTERROGATIVA FORMA INT. NEGATIVA I shall / will not be playing no estaré jugando shall / will I be playing? ¿estaré jugando? shall / will I not be playing? ¿no estaré jugando? USO DEL FUTURO PROGRESIVO Sirve para indicar una acción que se desarrollará en el futuro. Pueden ser acciones o situaciones que no conocemos cuándo exactamente se producirán aunque también puede expresar acciones ya planificadas y que se producirán en un determinado momento. They will be leaving tomorrow / Ellos saldrán mañana. 1. Ejemplos del tema: El futuro WILL, tradúcelos I'm cold, are you? I'll close the window, then. I have to lose weight! I'll stop eating chocolate. I think brazil will win the football match. I’ll have saved 500 dollars by the end of this year. i think it will be cooler tomorrow. i promise you i won't steal again. Will you come to dinner? We will be flying to London tomorrow at this hour. Won´t you dance with me? They’ll buy a car. He’ll have to talk to his father.